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St Mark,
Lakenham, Norwich
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A charming aspect to the
city of Norwich is that the parishes outside of
the city walls are still termed 'villages', even
if, like Lakenham, they have been a part of the
urban area for centuries. Lakenham lies to the
south-west of Conesford, the medieval southern
suburb within the walls, and today Lakenham is an
inner-city area of terraced streets and huddled
shops. St Mark lies at the city centre end of
Lakenham, a chapel of ease to the medieval parish
church of St John in the heart of the old village
centre a mile or so away. However, its nearest
medieval neighbour is actually St John Sepulchre
within the city walls, barely 200 metres off, and
when the suburbs expanded and St Mark was built
it spelt the beginning of the end for St John
Sepulchre and the other Conesford churches. St Mark was an early work of the
Diocesan Architect John Brown. Built in the 1840s
when the first great wave of the Anglican revival
was just beginning to make its way from Oxford,
its style, although obstensibly Perpendicular, is
largely pre-Ecclesiological; more 'Carpenter's
Gothick' than Gothic revival. The practice came
back twenty years later and added the apse;
before this, the chancel-less church must have
seemed very blockish and Evangelical.
Externally, then, St Mark
was pretty much complete. But what happened after
was a succession of refurbishments which added to
rather than replaced what was already there.
Because of this, you step into a church which
really is quite unlike any other in Norfolk.
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The 1840s gallery, which goes
around three walls of the nave, still has its box pews.
On the walls below it, however, are 20th Century stations
of the cross, and the view to the east is of a fantastic
rood loft, which completely dominates the interior. The
colourful apse beyond seems distant, mystical. St Mark,
then, is a curious hybrid of the enthusiasm for building
commodious churches at the start of the century, and a
yearning for mystery and elaboration that arose as a
response to the Anglo-Catholic movement later in the
Victorian period and into the 20th Century.
Without a doubt, the most important
feautre of the interior is the rood loft and screen. It
was installed here in 1910 to the designs of George
Bodley who had died three years earlier, and then painted
in 1913 to the designs of the architect and artist Temple
Moore. It is painted in a rich, late medieval style, with
something of the Art Nouveau qualities of the late
Victorian period but with none of the contemporary
morphing of the style into the Jazz Modern of Art Deco.
It depicts the Christ story from the Annunciation to the
Day of Pentecost. It looks all of Bodley's work, which
was presumably Temple Moore's intention.
The near
contemporary south chapel echoes the decoration of the
roodloft, and is a memorial chapel to those local boys
killed in the First World War, a huge number of names it
seems, even if this is an inner-city parish. On the north
side, the chapel was laid out in the 1930s, very much in
the sober Art Deco classical style of that decade, and
instantly familiar from the fittings of nearby St Alban
and St Catherine in north Norwich. It works very well. It
is almost an anti-climax to step into the long apse with
its elaborate 1890s reredos and coloured roof, which seem
rather less singular. But there is a surprise behind the
reredos, because here is an excellent range of figures of
Saints by FW Cole and made by the Morris & Co
workshop. They were installed in 1954 to replace windows
blown out by the Norwich blitz. It is interesting to
compare them with the contemporary range by Dennis King
at St Thomas on the Earlham Road, installed there for the
same reason.
One of the
reasons for the continued elaboration of St Mark is that
it was, until well into the 1970s, the highest and most
militant Anglo-Catholic church in Norwich, a city
well-known for its extremes of churchmanship. Since then
it has drifted back towards the centre, but still retains
the fixtures and fittings of its former life. Another
striking example is the set of 1930s Stations of the
Cross, deep reliefs in an italian Renaissance style and
made by the Kilburn Sisters workshop.
One tiny
detail that you might miss is the vestry in the
south-west corner. It retains the only 19th Century
window in the church, depicting Samuel and David beneath
a descending dove, and remembering two choirboys drowned
on an outing in the 1860s.
It is
intriguing to imagine St Mark filled with incense and
plainsong chant, both used at daily Mass here into the
1960s. Even more intriguing, perhaps, to imagine watching
Mass from up in the gallery, because here are thast
surviving box pews from the 1840s, as if this was a
non-conformist chapel. They have done well to survive,
because there have been regular suggestions to remove
them over the last 150 years. Perhaps the installations
of treasures down on the ground floor made their removal
less of a priority. The nave itself was rebenched in the
early 20th Century, and it is intriguing to spot, on the
south side, that some of the benches and the wooden floor
beneath still bear the burn marks of the falling ceiling
when this church was firebombed in 1944. Apparently, the
parishioners stood bravely in the church with brooms,
beating out the burning timber as it fell from the roof
above.
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it is a good job they did, because this church is
an outstanding example of its kind. It has been
threatened with redundancy on several occasions
in the last few decades, but hopefully the
Diocese of Norwich's benefice system will save it
for us. It is used by local Catholics for their
Mass on a Saturday evening, and they must truly
think they are at home here. My one
doubt is that it is so rarely open, and thus
apparently little-known - Bill Willson's revision
of Pevsner in 1991 gives it just five lines,
mentioning John Brown but neither George Bodley
nor Temple Moore at all. Did he even know about
them? If you read Wilson's review, it would
appear that he did not even go inside. At
present, you can only visit the church on a
Wednesday lunchtime, but I was told by the person
on duty that there are plans to extend these
hours. Good. The better St Mark becomes known,
the more secure its future will be.
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